Sunday
Quantum Computer at Your Door
The remarkable ability of an ELECTRON to exist in two places at once has been controlled in the most common electronic material - SILICON - for the first time. The research findings - published in Nature by a UK-Dutch team from the UNIVERSITY OF SURREY, UCL (UNIVERSITY COLLEGE) London, HERIOT-WATT UNIVERSITY in Edinburgh, and the FOM INSTITUTE for PLASMA PHYSICS near Utrecht -- marks a significant step towards the making of an affordable "QUANTUM COMPUTER." According to the research paper, the scientists have created a simple version of SCHRODINGER'S CAT -- which is paradoxically simultaneously both dead and alive -- in the cheap and simple material out of which ordinary computer chips are made. "This is a real breakthrough for modern electronics and has huge potential for the future," explained Professor Ben Murdin, Photonics Group Leader at the University of Surrey. "Lasers have had an ever increasing impact on technology, especially for the transmission of processed information between computers, and this development illustrates their potential power for processing information inside the computer itself. In our case we used a far-infrared, very short, high intensity pulse from the Dutch FELIX LASER to put an electron orbiting within silicon into two states at once - a so-called QUANTUM SUPERPOSITION STATE. We then demonstrated that the superposition state could be controlled so that the electrons emit a burst of light at a well-defined time after the superposition was created. The burst of light is called a PHOTON ECHO; and its observation proved we have full control over the QUANTUM STATE OF THE ATOMS." And the development of a silicon based "quantum computer" may be only just over the horizon. "Quantum computers can solve some problems much more efficiently than conventional computers -- and they will be particularly useful for security because they can quickly CRACK EXISTING CODES and create UN- CRACKABLE CODES," Professor Murdin continued. "The next generation of devices must make use of these superpositions to do quantum computations. Crucially our work shows that some of the quantum engineering already demonstrated by atomic physicists in very sophisticated instruments called COLD ATOM TRAPS, can be implemented in the type of silicon chip used in making the much more common transistor." Professor Gabriel Aeppli, Director of the LONDON CENTER for NANOTECHNOLOGY added that the findings were highly significant to academia and business alike. "Next to iron and ice, silicon is the most important INORGANIC CRYSTALLINE SOLID because of our tremendous ability to control electrical conduction via chemical and electrical means," he explained. "Our work adds control of quantum superpositions to the silicon toolbox."
How to keep a PC running at peak performance
A pie graph will show you the amount of used and unused space for each of your drives. Check this often to keep an idea of how much space you are using. There are six simple steps to clearing up your hard drive: 1. Uninstall unused programs. Many times a new program will come along that looks fun to have or play with, but after a week or two you simply stop using it. These programs clutter up your drive and take up valuable space. You might be tempted to delete these programs from your drive, but doing so will cause problems. You must use the uninstall function of Windows for the program to be removed safely and completely. 2. Clean out temporary files. When your computer is not shut down properly, it will pass information from memory into fragmented files. Also, while you are running programs, your computer will write information that it does not immediately need into temporary files. Installation files will also expand themselves into the temporary folder and will not always clean up after themselves. You can delete these temporary files safely by using the Disk Cleanup option in your System Tools. 3. Empty your internet cache. As you surf the internet your computer stores web pages and images into a temporary internet cache so that it can quickly recall and access information when you move back and forth between pages. This backup information can quickly add up and eat hard drive space. Whether you use Internet Explorer, Netscape, or one of the many other browsers available, emptying out your cache is quick and easy. Simply follow the instructions in the Help files located within those programs. You may also wish to set a specific maximum file size for your cache folder, so that it is not allowed to run rampant. 4. Empty your mail programs of clutter. It's easy to browse through your email and leave old messages there, promising yourself you'll sort them out later. One or two messages don't take up much space, but hundreds certainly do. Take the time to sort through these old emails now and delete what is not important. Create folders and organize what is left. Make it a habit that when new emails come in, they are either filed immediately or thrown away. Set your email program to empty your deleted items folder each time you close your mail program. 5. Empty your recycle bin. Once you've emptied your drive of cluttering, unnecessary programs; empty your recycle bin to remove what has been placed there in the process. 6. Scandisk and Defrag. When Windows installs programs, it will put the files it needs anywhere that it finds free space, and not directly after the last program installed. As a result, your hard drive has patches of empty space on it that are not big enough to fit a full program, and will result in a drive space error if you attempt to install something new. Scandisk your drive to check for lost file fragments and to fix any errors it finds, then Defrag to pack all of the program files together at the beginning of your drive. This will clear out those empty patches and move all of the free space you've just created to the end of your drive. 7. Last but not the least, now that you've got it clean, keep it that way. Perform this quick maintenance routine every week. For your work computer, Friday afternoon before you leave for the weekend is the perfect time. When you return to work on Monday, you'll have a computer that is clutter-free and as responsive as it should be. Organize your surfing habits. Direct all of your downloads to the same folder, so that you can easily find them and delete them when necessary, or move them to zip disks for storage. Keep track of the programs that you install. For trial versions, note the date that they will expire on a calendar. This will remind you to uninstall the programs that you can no longer use rather than allowing them to clutter up your drive. Also, if you run into problems, keeping track of new downloaded and installed programs and the date they were installed can help you track down the cause of problems. Remember that the cleaner your hard drive is, the better your machine will respond! In order for your computer to be user friendly, it must have a friendly user. Be your computer's best friend and clean out the cobwebs regularly.
How to Change Logon Background screen in Windows XP
How to Change Logon Background screen in Windows XP,Let’ s see the steps how to change it Manually. If you are using Welcome Screen in windows XP switch to Logon screen by the following steps. 1. Click the Start button 2. Select “ control panel” 3. Select “ user accounts” 4. Select “ Change the way users log on or off” (Un)check the “ Welcome Screen” option 5. Click “ Apply options” Steps to Change Logon Background 1. Select Start —> Run and type “ regedit” 2.Navigate through registry “ HKEY_USERS ->Default-> Control Panel-> Desktop ” on left side 3. Double click on "Wallpaper" in right side of the registry. 4. Now you can see Edit String, in that - change the Value Data to your favorite photo which should be in (.bmp) format. 5. Done now; your Logon Screen is changed.
Saturday
How To Send Unlimited Free Sms
Great news for all! Now you can send unlimited free SMS to anywhere from anywhere. What you need and what you need to do to get the facility: 1. You just need a mobile 2nd/3rd Symbian support app. 2. Download " Zozoc " from www.getjar.com 3. Install "Zozoc" in your mobile. 4. After installing, register with Zozoc and Log in. 5. Remember you will need GPRS connection. The best news is that it will only cost you 0.3 taka per SMS. « READ MORE » Suggested Articles Related Articles 1) Free Sms To Any Cellphone - Worldwide 2) Full Length Free Movies - Easy 1) 7 Wonders Of The Technological World 2) A Trip To Sundarban Are you still here? Go on try the above and start sending SMS to your friends.
Useful Run Commands For Windows Os
1.Accessibility Controls - access.cpl 2.Add Hardware Wizard - hdwwiz.cpl 3.Add/Remove Programs - appwiz.cpl 4.Administrative Tools - control admintools 5.Automatic Updates - wuaucpl.cpl 6.Bluetooth Transfer Wiz - fsquirt 7.Calculator - calc 8.Certificate Manager - certmgr.msc 9.Character Map - charmap 10.Check Disk Utility - chkdsk 11.Clipboard Viewer - clipbrd 12.Command Prompt - cmd 13.Component Services - dcomcnfg 14.Computer Management - compmgmt.msc
How To Use Bangla Fonts In Nokia Mobile
Requirements and Steps to read Bengali Webpage or newspapers in your cellphone: 1. Java based mobile (large display). 2. Go to your mobile web browser and write mini.opera.com. 3. Download opera mini and install in your mobile. 4. Now open Opera mini. 5. Click option- tools- setting. 6. Check mobile view. 7. Write opera:config in opera address bar; don't write www. 8. Open web page and see down of page for yes/no. 9. Choose 'yes' and save ok. 10. Now you're ready to read Bangla web page and newspapers.
Check your mobile whether it is original or not
W ould you like to know if your mobile phone set is original or not ????? Press the following on your mobile *# 06# and the International Mobile Equipment Identity number (IMEI) appears. Then check the 7th and 8th numbers: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7th 8th 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Phone serial no. x x x x x x ? ? x x x x x x x * IF the Seventh & Eighth digits are 02 or 20 this means your cell phone was assembled in Emirates which is very Bad quality.* IF the Seventh & Eighth digits are 08 or 80 this means your cell phone was manufactured in Germany which is fair quality. * IF the Seventh & Eighth digits are 01 or 10 this means your cell phone was manufactured in Finland which is very Good. * IF the Seventh & Eighth digits are 00 this means your cell phone was manufactured in original factory which is the best Mobile Quality. * IF the Seventh & Eighth digits are 13 this means your cell phone was assembled in Azerbaijan which is very Bad quality and also dangerous for your health.
How to use Bangla fonts in Nokia mobile
To use Bengali font in your Nokia handset do the following: * Remove the memory card. * Open it with a computer. * Show the hidden folders. * Find the folder 'resource' then 'fonts'. * Then paste the expected fonts. * Insert the card in to mobile. * Restart your mobile. Now you can read different bangla newspaper with your nokia mobile web browser.(some handset may not support)
How to increase internet speed from Windows
You can improve your internet speed from within windows, without installing any software. Just do the following: 1. First, write "gpedit.msc" in the run and click OK button. 2. Then you can see the "local computer policy", click configuration, then click the "Administrative Templates". 3. Now click the network. 4. You can see "Qos packet scheduler". Click the "Qos packet scheduler". 5. Here you can see the "Limit reservable bandwidth" on right side. 6. Double click the "Limit reservable bandwidth" 7. Now you can see the dialogue box of Limit reservable bandwidth. 8. Check mark the Enable and in the bandwidth limit box have to write decimal value "0" then apply and OK. Connect to internet and enjoy faster internet than ever.
2) How To Hide Folders Or Files So Nobody Can See
1. Hide the files or folders at first. 2. Apply "don't show hidden files" from [tools]>[folder option]>[view]. 3. Then click "start > run > gpedit.msc > user configaration > administrative tample > windows components > windows explorer"
4. Then enable 'Remove all file/folder options menu item from tolls menu'. Then nobody will see your hidden files. But you will be able to see or regain those file's view by disabling that option.
4. Then enable 'Remove all file/folder options menu item from tolls menu'. Then nobody will see your hidden files. But you will be able to see or regain those file's view by disabling that option.
1. Hide the files or folders at first. 2. Apply "don't show hidden files" from [tools]>[folder option]>[view]. 3. Then click "start > run > gpedit.msc > user configaration > administrative tample > windows components > windows explorer"
4. Then enable 'Remove all file/folder options menu item from tolls menu'. Then nobody will see your hidden files. But you will be able to see or regain those file's view by disabling that option.
4. Then enable 'Remove all file/folder options menu item from tolls menu'. Then nobody will see your hidden files. But you will be able to see or regain those file's view by disabling that option.
1) Make Windows (xp, Vista Or 7) Shutdown Quickly
The fastest way to shut down Windows is to press the power button. Not a good idea, of course, but it is quick. When that method gives you a wake-up call by the suddon loss of data, you might want to consider another alternative. One good solution is to reprogram your system’ s power button to exit Windows, without any prompts (except to save unsaved work, as needed) and then shutdown. To do this: In XP, open Control Panel. In the ‘ Performance and Maintenance‘ section, pick Power Options. Click the Advanced tab.
Portable Web Servers with Java Card 3.0.This technical article describes how Java Card 3.0 technology allows application developers to create and deploy servlet applications on smart card devices.
Deploying Servlets on Smart
Cards: Portable Web Servers
with Java Card 3.0 By Bruce Hopkins, January 2010 No, that's not a typo. No, I'm not
talking about technology that will be
available 10 years from now. Java
Card 3.0 technology is available today
that allows application developers to
create and deploy servlet applications on smart card devices. This article
shows developers how to get started
with developing servlets with the Java Card Connected Development Kit 3.0.2. Contents - Background - Comparing JavaCard 2 to JavaCard 3 - Getting Started the Java Card
Connected Development Kit and the
Persistence Example - Conclusion Background In previous versions of the Java Card
specification, Java developers were
significantly limited in the breadth and
depth of the applications that could be
created for Java Card 2 devices, such
as: A very strict subset of Java APIs, with
only JDK 1.0 features No support for java.lang.String objects No threads No garbage collection No support for networking No native support for . c l a s s files No dynamic class loading 1-D Arrays 8-bit CPUs 8kB of RAM Despite these limitations, Java Card
technology became the most widely
deployed Java platform in the world
with over 3.5 billion deployments.
Java Card 3.0 technology has several
significant enhancements over the Java Card 2 platform, as explained in
the following sections. Comparing JavaCard 2 to JavaCard 3 As you can see from the sequence
diagrams in Figures 1 and 2 located
below, creating a complete application
that involved using Java Card 2
technology could be tedious. Figure 1. A Sequence Diagram
Depicting the Interactions Between a
Desktop Application and a Java Card 2
Application Figure 2. A Sequence Diagram
Depicting the Interactions Between a
Mobile Application and a Java Card 2
Application As you can see from the preceding
figures, both the desktop and mobile
applications need to eventually use
the APDU (application protocol data
unit) protocol to communicate with
applications (also known as applets) located on the Java Card 2 smart card.
In some cases, however, the API
restrictions -- combined with having to
use byte arrays for all interaction with
the smart card -- were major
deterrents to attracting enterprise Java developers to the Java Card platform. However, the Java Card 3 platform
provides significant improvements to
its predecessor, and those changes
should appeal not only to enterprise
and desktop developers, but to mobile
developers as well. The Java Card 3 platform includes support for the
following features: An API based upon a CLDC subset,
with Java 6 features Annotations b y t e , s h o r t , i n t , l o n g , c h a r and j a v a . l a n g . S t r i n g Threads Servlets Garbage collection of objects TCP/IP networking HTTP and HTTPS . c l a s s files . w a r deployment files Dynamic class loading 2-D Arrays 32-bit CPUs 24kB of RAM Figure 3, shown below is a sequence
diagram showing the steps and
actions involved in creating a complete
application using the Java Card 3
platform. Figure 3. A Sequence Diagram
Depicting the Interactions Between a
Mobile or Desktop Application and a
Java Card 3 Application With Java Card 3 technology, smart
card application development has
instantly become a lot easier, and has
now taken a significant leap-ahead in
capability so that the following
scenarios are possible: Developers no longer need to create
individual client applications to access
the data and resources on the smart
card. The only client interface needed
is an ordinary web browser. Smart Card applications are now fully
functioning TCP-based servers. These
server applications are Java servlets,
and they have a full HTTP stack to
allow them to process GET requests,
POST requests, headers, cookies, sessions, and so on. You can secure the data between the
client (the browser) and the server
(the smart card) by using the industry-
standard SSL (secure sockets layer). Getting Started the Java Card
Connected Development Kit and the
Persistence Example Did you know that Java Card
applications have access to two heap
spaces? One of them is volatile, which
means that it acts like RAM, so all
information stored in that heap
location is lost after the system is reset (that is, when the card is removed and
inserted). The other heap area is non-
volatile, so data stored in that location
is truly persistent, even after a system
reset. To get clear understanding of how to
store data on the card in the volatile
heap allocation, let's take a look at the
Persistence example from the Java Card Connected Development Kit 3.0.2.
Table 1, shown below, provides a
detailed breakdown of the files
contained within the % f o l d e r _ r o o t % \ J C D K 3 . 0 . 2 _ C o n n e c t e d E d i t i o n \ s a m p l e s \ w e b \ P e r s i s t e n c e folder. Table 1. Description of Files and
Folders Within the Persistence
Example
Folder/File Name Description / b u i l d . x m l This is the primary ant build xml file.
The project name, base directory, and
import file are specified in this file. / b u i l d / This is the parent folder that contains
the build arifacts that will be
automatically created by ant. These
artifacts include the intermediary / W E B - I N F / c l a s s e s folder, which will be packaged into the final . w a r file / c o n f i g / This is the parent folder that contains
the configuration files. / c o n f i g / b u i l d - i m p l . x m l This is an autogenerated ant build file
that is imported from the primary
build.xml file. It is not recommended
for developers to modify this file. / c o n f i g / g e n f i l e s . p r o p e r t i e s This is an autogenerated file used by
NetBeans. It is not recommended for
developers to modify this file. / c o n f i g / p r o j e c t . p r o p e r t i e s This is the main property file that sets
several configurable properties such
as the main servlet, the main URL, as
well as the web context path. / c o n f i g / p r o j e c t . x m l This the NetBeans project XML file. / d i s t This is the parent folder containing the
redistributable items / artifacts after
the build process is complete. / d i s t / P r e s i s t e n c e . s i g n a t u r e This is a binary file that contains a
digital signature. / d i s t / P r e s i s t e n c e . w a r This is the deployable . w a r file that will be loaded on the Java Card. / h t m l / This is the parent folder containing the
index.html as well as the
accompanying images. / h t m l / i n d e x . h t m l This is a simple placeholder html page
that redirects to the "index" path of
the JavaCard WAR application. / h t m l / i m a g e s / This is the folder that contains the
images referenced by the JavaCard
servlet. / M E T A - I N F / This is the parent folder containing
manifest files. / M E T A - I N F / j a v a c a r d . x m l This is the JavaCard application
descriptor file. / M E T A - I N F / M A N I F E S T . M F This is a simpe manifest file that's
common for JAR and WAR files. / s r c This is the parent folder for all Java
source code. s r c / . . . / P r e s i s t a n c e S e r v l e t . j a v a This is a servlet that shows the
contents of the database, adds new
items to the database, and deletes
existing items. s r c / . . . / I n d e x S e r v l e t . j a v a This is a servlet that has been mapped
to the "index" path of the Java Card
WAR application. This servlet presents
an HTML form, which invokes the
HelloWorldServlet card application. s r c / . . . / D a t a b a s e . j a v a JavaCard 3 applications have two
heap spaces (volatile and non-
volatile). This is a simple class that
store data in volatile heap. / W E B - I N F This is the parent folder that contains
the assests used by the servlets. / W E B - I N F / f o o t e r . i This is a part of an HTML file. / W E B - I N F / h e a d e r . i This is a part of an HTML file. / W E B - I N F / i n d e x . i This is a part of an HTML file. / W E B - I N F / w e b . x m l This is a typical w e b . x m l that defines and maps the servlets with
URLs. Listing 1 is the code for D a t a b a s e . j a v a , a class that allows multiple users in different
browser sessions to store and retrieve
data objects from the volatile heap
space of a Java Card application. Listing 1. D a t a b a s e . j a v a p a c k a g e c o m . s u n . j c h o w t o . p e r s i s t e n c e ; i m p o r t j a v a . u t i l . V e c t o r ; / * * *
* / p u b l i c c l a s s D a t a b a s e { p r i v a t e s t a t i c V e c t o r < S t r i n g > i t e m s = n e w V e c t o r < S t r i n g > ( ) ; / * * * @p a r a m i t e m * / p u b l i c s t a t i c v o i d a d d I t e m ( S t r i n g i t e m ) { i f ( ! i t e m s . c o n t a i n s ( i t e m ) ) { i t e m s . a d d E l e m e n t ( i t e m ) ; } } / * * * @ r e t u r n * / p u b l i c s t a t i c V e c t o r < S t r i n g > g e t I t e m s ( ) { r e t u r n i t e m s ; } / * * * @p a r a m i t e m * @ r e t u r n * / p u b l i c s t a t i c b o o l e a n d e l e t e ( S t r i n g i t e m ) { r e t u r n i t e m s . r e m o v e E l e m e n t ( i t e m ) ; } } As you can see, the code for the
database is pretty simple as it is
primarily a wrapper class that allows
users to store, retrieve, and delete
objects from a String-typed Vector. It
demonstrates the capabilities of the Java Card 3 platform well, since it
shows that you can use generics, first
introduced in the Java SE 5.0. Listing 2 is the code for the Java Card 3
servlet that accesses the database. Listing 2. P e r s i s t e n c e S e r v l e t . j a v a p a c k a g e c o m . s u n . j c h o w t o . p e r s i s t e n c e ; i m p o r t j a v a . i o . I O E x c e p t i o n ; i m p o r t j a v a . i o . P r i n t W r i t e r ; i m p o r t j a v a x . s e r v l e t . R e q u e s t D i s p a t c h e r ; i m p o r t j a v a x . s e r v l e t . S e r v l e t E x c e p t i o n ; i m p o r t j a v a x . s e r v l e t . h t t p . H t t p S e r v l e t ; i m p o r t j a v a x . s e r v l e t . h t t p . H t t p S e r v l e t R e q u e s t ; i m p o r t j a v a x . s e r v l e t . h t t p . H t t p S e r v l e t R e s p o n s e ; / * * * A S i m p l e P e r s i s t e n c e S e r v l e t . * / p u b l i c c l a s s P r e s i s t a n c e S e r v l e t e x t e n d s H t t p S e r v l e t { / * ( n o n - J a v a d o c ) * @ s e e j a v a x . s e r v l e t . h t t p . H t t p S e r v l e t # d o P o s t ( j a v a x . s e r v l e t . h t t p . H t t p S e r v l e t R e q u e s t , j a v a x . s e r v l e t . h t t p . H t t p S e r v l e t R e s p o n s e ) * / @O v e r r i d e p u b l i c v o i d d o G e t ( H t t p S e r v l e t R e q u e s t r e q u e s t , H t t p S e r v l e t R e s p o n s e r e s p o n s e ) t h r o w s I O E x c e p t i o n , S e r v l e t E x c e p t i o n { S t r i n g o p = r e q u e s t . g e t P a r a m e t e r ( " o p " ) ; S t r i n g i t e m = r e q u e s t . g e t P a r a m e t e r ( " i t e m " ) ; i f ( o p ! = n u l l ) { i f ( o p . e q u a l s ( " A d d " ) ) { i f ( i t e m ! = n u l l ) { D a t a b a s e . a d d I t e m ( i t e m ) ; } } e l s e i f ( o p . e q u a l s ( " D e l e t e " ) ) { i f ( i t e m ! = n u l l ) { D a t a b a s e . d e l e t e ( i t e m ) ; } } } r e s p o n s e . s e t C o n t e n t T y p e ( " t e x t / h t m l " ) ; P r i n t W r i t e r o u t = r e s p o n s e . g e t W r i t e r ( ) ; R e q u e s t D i s p a t c h e r d i s p a t c h e r = n u l l ; d i s p a t c h e r = r e q u e s t . g e t R e q u e s t D i s p a t c h e r ( " / W E B - I N F / h e a d e r . i " ) ; d i s p a t c h e r . i n c l u d e ( r e q u e s t , r e s p o n s e ) ; o u t . p r i n t l n ( " < t r > " ) ; o u t . p r i n t l n ( " < t d b g c o l o r = \ " # F F F F F F \ " a l i g n = \ " c e n t e r \ " v a l i g n = \ " m i d d l e \ " > " ) ; o u t . p r i n t l n ( " < t a b l e b g c o l o r = \ " # 0 0 0 0 0 0 \ " b o r d e r = \ " 0 \ " w i d t h = \ " 1 0 0 % \ " c e l l s p a c i n g = \ " 1 \ " c e l l p a d d i n g = \ " 1 5 \ " > " ) ; o u t . p r i n t l n ( " < t r > " ) ; o u t . p r i n t l n ( " < t d a l i g n = \ " c e n t e r \ " b g c o l o r = \ " # F F F F F F \ " > " ) ; o u t . p r i n t l n ( " < / b > < b i g > < b i g > S i m p l e D a t a b a s e < / b i g > < / b i g > < / b > " ) ; o u t . p r i n t l n ( " < f o r m m e t h o d = \ " g e t \ " a c t i o n = \ " d a t a b a s e \ " > " ) ; o u t . p r i n t l n ( " < t a b l e b o r d e r = 0 > " ) ; o u t . p r i n t l n ( " < t r > " ) ; o u t . p r i n t l n ( " < t d > I t e m : < / t d > < t d c o l s p a n = 2 > < i n p u t t y p e = \ " t e x t \ " n a m e = \ " i t e m \ " > < / i n p u t > < / t d > " ) ; o u t . p r i n t l n ( " < / t r > " ) ; o u t . p r i n t l n ( " < t r > " ) ; o u t . p r i n t l n ( " < t d > < / t d > " ) ; o u t . p r i n t l n ( " < t d > < i n p u t t y p e = \ " s u b m i t \ " n a m e = \ " o p \ " v a l u e = \ " A d d \ " > < / t d > " ) ; o u t . p r i n t l n ( " < t d > < i n p u t t y p e = \ " s u b m i t \ " n a m e = \ " o p \ " v a l u e = \ " D e l e t e \ " > < / t d > " ) ; o u t . p r i n t l n ( " < / t r > " ) ; o u t . p r i n t l n ( " < t r > " ) ; o u t . p r i n t l n ( " < t d c o l s p a n = 3 > < h r > < / t d > " ) ; o u t . p r i n t l n ( " < / t r > " ) ; o u t . p r i n t l n ( " < t r > " ) ; o u t . p r i n t l n ( " < t d c o l s p a n = 3 > < b > I t e m s i n D a t a b a s e < / b > < / t d > " ) ; o u t . p r i n t l n ( " < / t r > " ) ; o u t . p r i n t l n ( " < t r > " ) ; o u t . p r i n t l n ( " < t d c o l s p a n = 3 > < t e x t a r e a r e a d o n l y r o w s = \ " 5 \ " c o l s = \ " 2 0 \ " > " ) ; i f ( D a t a b a s e . g e t I t e m s ( ) . s i z e ( ) < = 0 ) { o u t . p r i n t ( " \ n \ n D a t a b a s e i s E m p t y ; \ n \ n " ) ; } e l s e { f o r ( S t r i n g s t r : D a t a b a s e . g e t I t e m s ( ) ) { o u t . p r i n t l n ( s t r ) ; } } o u t . p r i n t l n ( " < / t e x t a r e a > < / t d > " ) ; o u t . p r i n t l n ( " < / t r > " ) ; o u t . p r i n t l n ( " < / t a b l e > " ) ; o u t . p r i n t l n ( " < / f o r m > " ) ; o u t . p r i n t l n ( " < / t d > " ) ; o u t . p r i n t l n ( " < / t r > " ) ; o u t . p r i n t l n ( " < / t a b l e > " ) ; o u t . p r i n t l n ( " < / t d > " ) ; o u t . p r i n t l n ( " < / t r > " ) ; d i s p a t c h e r = r e q u e s t . g e t R e q u e s t D i s p a t c h e r ( " / W E B - I N F / f o o t e r . i " ) ; d i s p a t c h e r . i n c l u d e ( r e q u e s t , r e s p o n s e ) ; } } As you can see from the preceding
code listing, P e r s i s t e n c e S e r v l e t . j a v a works like any other subclass of
HTTPServlet. All you need to do is
override the HTTP methods that you
want, and replace them with your own
code. In this case, we're only
supporting HTTP GET requests. If the HTTP parameter "op" is set to "Add",
then we'll add a new item to the
database. If, however, "op" is set to
"Delete", then the specified item will be
removed from the database. In either case, the servlet completes its
work by showing the final list of
contents in the database. The Java
Card 3 platform doesn't support JSP
files, so you should notice in Listing 2
that much of the application is dedicated to creating the HTML
response. Figure 4 is the
PersistenceServlet in action. Figure 4. Adding My Favorite Stock
Symbols to the P e r s i s t e n c e S e r v l e t . j a v a Conclusion The Java Card 3 platform is lightyears
ahead of its predecessor. It includes
several new features that allow
developers to create extremely
sophisticated applications using Java
servlet technology. Are you ready for a new generation of servlet
applications that execute on a smart
card?
Cards: Portable Web Servers
with Java Card 3.0 By Bruce Hopkins, January 2010 No, that's not a typo. No, I'm not
talking about technology that will be
available 10 years from now. Java
Card 3.0 technology is available today
that allows application developers to
create and deploy servlet applications on smart card devices. This article
shows developers how to get started
with developing servlets with the Java Card Connected Development Kit 3.0.2. Contents - Background - Comparing JavaCard 2 to JavaCard 3 - Getting Started the Java Card
Connected Development Kit and the
Persistence Example - Conclusion Background In previous versions of the Java Card
specification, Java developers were
significantly limited in the breadth and
depth of the applications that could be
created for Java Card 2 devices, such
as: A very strict subset of Java APIs, with
only JDK 1.0 features No support for java.lang.String objects No threads No garbage collection No support for networking No native support for . c l a s s files No dynamic class loading 1-D Arrays 8-bit CPUs 8kB of RAM Despite these limitations, Java Card
technology became the most widely
deployed Java platform in the world
with over 3.5 billion deployments.
Java Card 3.0 technology has several
significant enhancements over the Java Card 2 platform, as explained in
the following sections. Comparing JavaCard 2 to JavaCard 3 As you can see from the sequence
diagrams in Figures 1 and 2 located
below, creating a complete application
that involved using Java Card 2
technology could be tedious. Figure 1. A Sequence Diagram
Depicting the Interactions Between a
Desktop Application and a Java Card 2
Application Figure 2. A Sequence Diagram
Depicting the Interactions Between a
Mobile Application and a Java Card 2
Application As you can see from the preceding
figures, both the desktop and mobile
applications need to eventually use
the APDU (application protocol data
unit) protocol to communicate with
applications (also known as applets) located on the Java Card 2 smart card.
In some cases, however, the API
restrictions -- combined with having to
use byte arrays for all interaction with
the smart card -- were major
deterrents to attracting enterprise Java developers to the Java Card platform. However, the Java Card 3 platform
provides significant improvements to
its predecessor, and those changes
should appeal not only to enterprise
and desktop developers, but to mobile
developers as well. The Java Card 3 platform includes support for the
following features: An API based upon a CLDC subset,
with Java 6 features Annotations b y t e , s h o r t , i n t , l o n g , c h a r and j a v a . l a n g . S t r i n g Threads Servlets Garbage collection of objects TCP/IP networking HTTP and HTTPS . c l a s s files . w a r deployment files Dynamic class loading 2-D Arrays 32-bit CPUs 24kB of RAM Figure 3, shown below is a sequence
diagram showing the steps and
actions involved in creating a complete
application using the Java Card 3
platform. Figure 3. A Sequence Diagram
Depicting the Interactions Between a
Mobile or Desktop Application and a
Java Card 3 Application With Java Card 3 technology, smart
card application development has
instantly become a lot easier, and has
now taken a significant leap-ahead in
capability so that the following
scenarios are possible: Developers no longer need to create
individual client applications to access
the data and resources on the smart
card. The only client interface needed
is an ordinary web browser. Smart Card applications are now fully
functioning TCP-based servers. These
server applications are Java servlets,
and they have a full HTTP stack to
allow them to process GET requests,
POST requests, headers, cookies, sessions, and so on. You can secure the data between the
client (the browser) and the server
(the smart card) by using the industry-
standard SSL (secure sockets layer). Getting Started the Java Card
Connected Development Kit and the
Persistence Example Did you know that Java Card
applications have access to two heap
spaces? One of them is volatile, which
means that it acts like RAM, so all
information stored in that heap
location is lost after the system is reset (that is, when the card is removed and
inserted). The other heap area is non-
volatile, so data stored in that location
is truly persistent, even after a system
reset. To get clear understanding of how to
store data on the card in the volatile
heap allocation, let's take a look at the
Persistence example from the Java Card Connected Development Kit 3.0.2.
Table 1, shown below, provides a
detailed breakdown of the files
contained within the % f o l d e r _ r o o t % \ J C D K 3 . 0 . 2 _ C o n n e c t e d E d i t i o n \ s a m p l e s \ w e b \ P e r s i s t e n c e folder. Table 1. Description of Files and
Folders Within the Persistence
Example
Folder/File Name Description / b u i l d . x m l This is the primary ant build xml file.
The project name, base directory, and
import file are specified in this file. / b u i l d / This is the parent folder that contains
the build arifacts that will be
automatically created by ant. These
artifacts include the intermediary / W E B - I N F / c l a s s e s folder, which will be packaged into the final . w a r file / c o n f i g / This is the parent folder that contains
the configuration files. / c o n f i g / b u i l d - i m p l . x m l This is an autogenerated ant build file
that is imported from the primary
build.xml file. It is not recommended
for developers to modify this file. / c o n f i g / g e n f i l e s . p r o p e r t i e s This is an autogenerated file used by
NetBeans. It is not recommended for
developers to modify this file. / c o n f i g / p r o j e c t . p r o p e r t i e s This is the main property file that sets
several configurable properties such
as the main servlet, the main URL, as
well as the web context path. / c o n f i g / p r o j e c t . x m l This the NetBeans project XML file. / d i s t This is the parent folder containing the
redistributable items / artifacts after
the build process is complete. / d i s t / P r e s i s t e n c e . s i g n a t u r e This is a binary file that contains a
digital signature. / d i s t / P r e s i s t e n c e . w a r This is the deployable . w a r file that will be loaded on the Java Card. / h t m l / This is the parent folder containing the
index.html as well as the
accompanying images. / h t m l / i n d e x . h t m l This is a simple placeholder html page
that redirects to the "index" path of
the JavaCard WAR application. / h t m l / i m a g e s / This is the folder that contains the
images referenced by the JavaCard
servlet. / M E T A - I N F / This is the parent folder containing
manifest files. / M E T A - I N F / j a v a c a r d . x m l This is the JavaCard application
descriptor file. / M E T A - I N F / M A N I F E S T . M F This is a simpe manifest file that's
common for JAR and WAR files. / s r c This is the parent folder for all Java
source code. s r c / . . . / P r e s i s t a n c e S e r v l e t . j a v a This is a servlet that shows the
contents of the database, adds new
items to the database, and deletes
existing items. s r c / . . . / I n d e x S e r v l e t . j a v a This is a servlet that has been mapped
to the "index" path of the Java Card
WAR application. This servlet presents
an HTML form, which invokes the
HelloWorldServlet card application. s r c / . . . / D a t a b a s e . j a v a JavaCard 3 applications have two
heap spaces (volatile and non-
volatile). This is a simple class that
store data in volatile heap. / W E B - I N F This is the parent folder that contains
the assests used by the servlets. / W E B - I N F / f o o t e r . i This is a part of an HTML file. / W E B - I N F / h e a d e r . i This is a part of an HTML file. / W E B - I N F / i n d e x . i This is a part of an HTML file. / W E B - I N F / w e b . x m l This is a typical w e b . x m l that defines and maps the servlets with
URLs. Listing 1 is the code for D a t a b a s e . j a v a , a class that allows multiple users in different
browser sessions to store and retrieve
data objects from the volatile heap
space of a Java Card application. Listing 1. D a t a b a s e . j a v a p a c k a g e c o m . s u n . j c h o w t o . p e r s i s t e n c e ; i m p o r t j a v a . u t i l . V e c t o r ; / * * *
* / p u b l i c c l a s s D a t a b a s e { p r i v a t e s t a t i c V e c t o r < S t r i n g > i t e m s = n e w V e c t o r < S t r i n g > ( ) ; / * * * @p a r a m i t e m * / p u b l i c s t a t i c v o i d a d d I t e m ( S t r i n g i t e m ) { i f ( ! i t e m s . c o n t a i n s ( i t e m ) ) { i t e m s . a d d E l e m e n t ( i t e m ) ; } } / * * * @ r e t u r n * / p u b l i c s t a t i c V e c t o r < S t r i n g > g e t I t e m s ( ) { r e t u r n i t e m s ; } / * * * @p a r a m i t e m * @ r e t u r n * / p u b l i c s t a t i c b o o l e a n d e l e t e ( S t r i n g i t e m ) { r e t u r n i t e m s . r e m o v e E l e m e n t ( i t e m ) ; } } As you can see, the code for the
database is pretty simple as it is
primarily a wrapper class that allows
users to store, retrieve, and delete
objects from a String-typed Vector. It
demonstrates the capabilities of the Java Card 3 platform well, since it
shows that you can use generics, first
introduced in the Java SE 5.0. Listing 2 is the code for the Java Card 3
servlet that accesses the database. Listing 2. P e r s i s t e n c e S e r v l e t . j a v a p a c k a g e c o m . s u n . j c h o w t o . p e r s i s t e n c e ; i m p o r t j a v a . i o . I O E x c e p t i o n ; i m p o r t j a v a . i o . P r i n t W r i t e r ; i m p o r t j a v a x . s e r v l e t . R e q u e s t D i s p a t c h e r ; i m p o r t j a v a x . s e r v l e t . S e r v l e t E x c e p t i o n ; i m p o r t j a v a x . s e r v l e t . h t t p . H t t p S e r v l e t ; i m p o r t j a v a x . s e r v l e t . h t t p . H t t p S e r v l e t R e q u e s t ; i m p o r t j a v a x . s e r v l e t . h t t p . H t t p S e r v l e t R e s p o n s e ; / * * * A S i m p l e P e r s i s t e n c e S e r v l e t . * / p u b l i c c l a s s P r e s i s t a n c e S e r v l e t e x t e n d s H t t p S e r v l e t { / * ( n o n - J a v a d o c ) * @ s e e j a v a x . s e r v l e t . h t t p . H t t p S e r v l e t # d o P o s t ( j a v a x . s e r v l e t . h t t p . H t t p S e r v l e t R e q u e s t , j a v a x . s e r v l e t . h t t p . H t t p S e r v l e t R e s p o n s e ) * / @O v e r r i d e p u b l i c v o i d d o G e t ( H t t p S e r v l e t R e q u e s t r e q u e s t , H t t p S e r v l e t R e s p o n s e r e s p o n s e ) t h r o w s I O E x c e p t i o n , S e r v l e t E x c e p t i o n { S t r i n g o p = r e q u e s t . g e t P a r a m e t e r ( " o p " ) ; S t r i n g i t e m = r e q u e s t . g e t P a r a m e t e r ( " i t e m " ) ; i f ( o p ! = n u l l ) { i f ( o p . e q u a l s ( " A d d " ) ) { i f ( i t e m ! = n u l l ) { D a t a b a s e . a d d I t e m ( i t e m ) ; } } e l s e i f ( o p . e q u a l s ( " D e l e t e " ) ) { i f ( i t e m ! = n u l l ) { D a t a b a s e . d e l e t e ( i t e m ) ; } } } r e s p o n s e . s e t C o n t e n t T y p e ( " t e x t / h t m l " ) ; P r i n t W r i t e r o u t = r e s p o n s e . g e t W r i t e r ( ) ; R e q u e s t D i s p a t c h e r d i s p a t c h e r = n u l l ; d i s p a t c h e r = r e q u e s t . g e t R e q u e s t D i s p a t c h e r ( " / W E B - I N F / h e a d e r . i " ) ; d i s p a t c h e r . i n c l u d e ( r e q u e s t , r e s p o n s e ) ; o u t . p r i n t l n ( " < t r > " ) ; o u t . p r i n t l n ( " < t d b g c o l o r = \ " # F F F F F F \ " a l i g n = \ " c e n t e r \ " v a l i g n = \ " m i d d l e \ " > " ) ; o u t . p r i n t l n ( " < t a b l e b g c o l o r = \ " # 0 0 0 0 0 0 \ " b o r d e r = \ " 0 \ " w i d t h = \ " 1 0 0 % \ " c e l l s p a c i n g = \ " 1 \ " c e l l p a d d i n g = \ " 1 5 \ " > " ) ; o u t . p r i n t l n ( " < t r > " ) ; o u t . p r i n t l n ( " < t d a l i g n = \ " c e n t e r \ " b g c o l o r = \ " # F F F F F F \ " > " ) ; o u t . p r i n t l n ( " < / b > < b i g > < b i g > S i m p l e D a t a b a s e < / b i g > < / b i g > < / b > " ) ; o u t . p r i n t l n ( " < f o r m m e t h o d = \ " g e t \ " a c t i o n = \ " d a t a b a s e \ " > " ) ; o u t . p r i n t l n ( " < t a b l e b o r d e r = 0 > " ) ; o u t . p r i n t l n ( " < t r > " ) ; o u t . p r i n t l n ( " < t d > I t e m : < / t d > < t d c o l s p a n = 2 > < i n p u t t y p e = \ " t e x t \ " n a m e = \ " i t e m \ " > < / i n p u t > < / t d > " ) ; o u t . p r i n t l n ( " < / t r > " ) ; o u t . p r i n t l n ( " < t r > " ) ; o u t . p r i n t l n ( " < t d > < / t d > " ) ; o u t . p r i n t l n ( " < t d > < i n p u t t y p e = \ " s u b m i t \ " n a m e = \ " o p \ " v a l u e = \ " A d d \ " > < / t d > " ) ; o u t . p r i n t l n ( " < t d > < i n p u t t y p e = \ " s u b m i t \ " n a m e = \ " o p \ " v a l u e = \ " D e l e t e \ " > < / t d > " ) ; o u t . p r i n t l n ( " < / t r > " ) ; o u t . p r i n t l n ( " < t r > " ) ; o u t . p r i n t l n ( " < t d c o l s p a n = 3 > < h r > < / t d > " ) ; o u t . p r i n t l n ( " < / t r > " ) ; o u t . p r i n t l n ( " < t r > " ) ; o u t . p r i n t l n ( " < t d c o l s p a n = 3 > < b > I t e m s i n D a t a b a s e < / b > < / t d > " ) ; o u t . p r i n t l n ( " < / t r > " ) ; o u t . p r i n t l n ( " < t r > " ) ; o u t . p r i n t l n ( " < t d c o l s p a n = 3 > < t e x t a r e a r e a d o n l y r o w s = \ " 5 \ " c o l s = \ " 2 0 \ " > " ) ; i f ( D a t a b a s e . g e t I t e m s ( ) . s i z e ( ) < = 0 ) { o u t . p r i n t ( " \ n \ n D a t a b a s e i s E m p t y ; \ n \ n " ) ; } e l s e { f o r ( S t r i n g s t r : D a t a b a s e . g e t I t e m s ( ) ) { o u t . p r i n t l n ( s t r ) ; } } o u t . p r i n t l n ( " < / t e x t a r e a > < / t d > " ) ; o u t . p r i n t l n ( " < / t r > " ) ; o u t . p r i n t l n ( " < / t a b l e > " ) ; o u t . p r i n t l n ( " < / f o r m > " ) ; o u t . p r i n t l n ( " < / t d > " ) ; o u t . p r i n t l n ( " < / t r > " ) ; o u t . p r i n t l n ( " < / t a b l e > " ) ; o u t . p r i n t l n ( " < / t d > " ) ; o u t . p r i n t l n ( " < / t r > " ) ; d i s p a t c h e r = r e q u e s t . g e t R e q u e s t D i s p a t c h e r ( " / W E B - I N F / f o o t e r . i " ) ; d i s p a t c h e r . i n c l u d e ( r e q u e s t , r e s p o n s e ) ; } } As you can see from the preceding
code listing, P e r s i s t e n c e S e r v l e t . j a v a works like any other subclass of
HTTPServlet. All you need to do is
override the HTTP methods that you
want, and replace them with your own
code. In this case, we're only
supporting HTTP GET requests. If the HTTP parameter "op" is set to "Add",
then we'll add a new item to the
database. If, however, "op" is set to
"Delete", then the specified item will be
removed from the database. In either case, the servlet completes its
work by showing the final list of
contents in the database. The Java
Card 3 platform doesn't support JSP
files, so you should notice in Listing 2
that much of the application is dedicated to creating the HTML
response. Figure 4 is the
PersistenceServlet in action. Figure 4. Adding My Favorite Stock
Symbols to the P e r s i s t e n c e S e r v l e t . j a v a Conclusion The Java Card 3 platform is lightyears
ahead of its predecessor. It includes
several new features that allow
developers to create extremely
sophisticated applications using Java
servlet technology. Are you ready for a new generation of servlet
applications that execute on a smart
card?
Operating systems for a Subscriber Identity module ( SIM )
SIM operating systems come in two main types: native and Java Card. Native SIMs are based on proprietary, vendor specific software whereas the Java Card SIMs are based on standards, particularly Java Card which is a subset of the Java programming language specifically targeted at embedded devices. Java Card allows the SIM to contain programs that are hardware independent and interoperable.
Sunday
IFESCU
The Institute of Forestry ,University of Chittagong (IFCU) was established in 1976 within the Faculty of Sciences of the University. The Institute has been renamed as the Institute of Forestry and Environmental Sciences, Chittagong University (IFESCU) since July 1998.
The Institute maintains strong linkages with Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), Bangladesh Forest Department (BFD), Bangladesh Forest Research Institute (BFRI), Bangladesh Forest Industries Development and Corporation (BFIDC), Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council (BARC), Department of Environment (DoE), Bangladesh Tea Research Institute (BTRI), Space Research and Remote Sensing Organization (SPARRSO), Surveyor General of Bangladesh, Bangladesh Parjatan Corporation (BPC), Forestry Development and Training Centre (FDTC), Bangladesh Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), and many other National and International organizations like Asian Development Bank (ADB), Food and Agricultural Organiztion (FAO), United Nations Development Programne (UNDP), Forests, Trees and People Programmes (FTPP), Forest Research Institute (FRI, India), FRI (Malaysia), Asia Pacific Association of Forestry Research Institutions (APAFRI, Malaysia), Regional Community Forestry Training Centre (RECOFTC, Thailand), World Bank (WB), University Putra Malaysia (UPM), University of The Philippines at Los Banos (Philippines), Jahangirnagor University, Khulna Universty (KU), Shahjalal University of Science and Technology (SUST), Pakistan Forest Institute (PFI, Pakistan) Institute of Forestry (IOF, Nepal), Integrated Centre for International Mountain Development (ICIMOD, Nepal), Yale, North Carolina State, Oregon State, Toronto, Aberdeen, Edinburgh, Wales, Manchester Universities and other related organizations.
Location :
The Institute is situated in the south campus of the University which is about 20 km north of Chittagong, a cosmopolitan city with a population of approximately 3.6 million. It can be reached by shuttle train service from Chittagong railway station to the campus (five times daily). Bus service is also available from Chittagong city to the University campus. The Chittagong University campus is straddled in valleys of the hills of the Sitakunda Range. The beauty and serenity of the environment makes it very conducive for effective learning and healthy living.
The Aims, Objectives and Porgrams:
Management of the institute is vested in a Governing Body (GB) which consists of: a) The Honourable Vice- Chancellor, Chittagong University, Chairman of the Governing Body. b) The Director of the Institute of Forestry and Environmental Sciences (Member- Secretary of the Governing Body) c) The Chief Conservator of Forests, Dhaka. d) The Dean of the Faculty of Sciences, Chittagong University, Chittagong. e) The Chairman, Bangladesh Forest Industries Development Corporation, Dhaka. f) The Director, Bangladesh Forest Research Institute, Chittagong. g) The Conservator of Forests, Chittagong Circle, Chittagong. h) Two elected teacher representatives of the Institute of Forestry and Environmental Sciences. i) One representative from each of the Senate, the Syndicate and the Academic Council nominated by the respective bodies of the University of Chittagong. j) The Divisional Chief (Agriculture), Planning Commission, or his nominee not bellow the rank of Joint Chief, Sher¬ e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka k) The Director, Institute of Marine Sciences and Fisheries, Chittagong University. I) One representative from the Ministry of Forest and Environment (not below the rank of Joint Secretary). m) One representative of Research Bodies related to Forestry to be nominated by the Syndicate. n) The Member-Director (Forestry), or his nominee, not below the rank of Chief Scientific Officer (Forestry), BARC, Dhaka. o) The Director General, Department of Environment, or his nominee (not below the rank of Director). The wide representation reflects the inherent and internse versatility of forestry education and is intended to inject impetus into the curriculum development.
Staff and Developement:
To Strengthen the teaching, research and extension capabilities of the Institute, a UNDP/FAO project "development of professional education in the forestry sector" (BGD/85/011) was initiated in November 1986. The projects outcome were: i. Technical expertise (international recruited professors) in Rural Sociology and Forest Extension, Silviculture, Agroforestry and Forest Ecology, Forest Inventory, Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Forest Resource Management and Forest Economics, Forest Engineering & Logging, Forest Products and Wood Utilization, ii. Fellowships for IFESCU academic staff to pursue higher degrees in prestigious institutions abroad in various fields of forestry, iii. Teaching materials (lecture notes prepared by expatriate professors), books, scientific journals, and other references for Institute library, iv. Various equipments for teaching and research. The UNDP/FAO project was terminated in December 1991. Further support has been received to prepare documents, to consolidate the progress made in Phase-1; to support postgraduate research programs and for infrastructural developments of the Institute. Besides 22 regular teaching staff, the Institute employs experienced professional foresters, scientists, researchers and professors on a part time basis from FD, BARC, BFRI, BFIDC, BIT and related Departments of the University of Chittagong and other educational institutions.
Facilities:
Sufficient facilities are available for the students and the faculty members. Other facilities include:
The Institute of Forestry and Environmental Sciences has a plantation unit of its own. A massive plantation program in the hills and valley land of the Chittagong University Campus was undertaken for academic, research, aesthetic, recreational and biodiversity conservation purposes. In addition it is aslo considered to establish wildlife habitat along with the natural resources and to generate employment opportunities for the local people and thereby helping in viral development and poverty alleviation
The plantation program was initiated in the year 1982 and till date an area of about 450 acres out of about 800 acres of hills and valley land has been planted successfully with different timber, wood fuel, medicinal, rare and endangered species. At present we have 110 different tree species in the campus. Out of the total species there are 17 rare and endangered, 27 timber, 12 fruits, 30 medicinal species and the rest are fast growing firewood and non-timber forest products (NTFPs.)
There is a permanent nursery covering an area of about 2 hectares in the Institute campus which is used by the teachers and students for research works and for raising quality seedlings. Quality planting materials are distributed to other departments/ agencies to encourage tree planting in order to reduce environmental pollution. To operate the plantation unit a plantation coordinator and a officer is responsible. Plantation coordinator is appointed for one or two year from among the teachers of the Institute. The total work force of the unit is 12.
Physical Infrastructure:
Bangladesh Government has obtained financial assistance from the World Bank (WB) to build a new complex for IFESCU in 1996. The complex provides classrooms, offices, laboratories, auditorium, student hostels, residential houses for teachers and staff, and sport facilities. These elaborate and spacious facilities are designed to promote teaching and research excellence at IFESCU. The Ministry of Forest and Environment and Forest, Government of the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh supporting the Institute through Forest Resource Management Project (FRMP) sponsored by the World Bank towards infrastructure development of IFESCU and to equip it for ensuring standard education
The Institute maintains strong linkages with Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), Bangladesh Forest Department (BFD), Bangladesh Forest Research Institute (BFRI), Bangladesh Forest Industries Development and Corporation (BFIDC), Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council (BARC), Department of Environment (DoE), Bangladesh Tea Research Institute (BTRI), Space Research and Remote Sensing Organization (SPARRSO), Surveyor General of Bangladesh, Bangladesh Parjatan Corporation (BPC), Forestry Development and Training Centre (FDTC), Bangladesh Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), and many other National and International organizations like Asian Development Bank (ADB), Food and Agricultural Organiztion (FAO), United Nations Development Programne (UNDP), Forests, Trees and People Programmes (FTPP), Forest Research Institute (FRI, India), FRI (Malaysia), Asia Pacific Association of Forestry Research Institutions (APAFRI, Malaysia), Regional Community Forestry Training Centre (RECOFTC, Thailand), World Bank (WB), University Putra Malaysia (UPM), University of The Philippines at Los Banos (Philippines), Jahangirnagor University, Khulna Universty (KU), Shahjalal University of Science and Technology (SUST), Pakistan Forest Institute (PFI, Pakistan) Institute of Forestry (IOF, Nepal), Integrated Centre for International Mountain Development (ICIMOD, Nepal), Yale, North Carolina State, Oregon State, Toronto, Aberdeen, Edinburgh, Wales, Manchester Universities and other related organizations.
Location :
The Institute is situated in the south campus of the University which is about 20 km north of Chittagong, a cosmopolitan city with a population of approximately 3.6 million. It can be reached by shuttle train service from Chittagong railway station to the campus (five times daily). Bus service is also available from Chittagong city to the University campus. The Chittagong University campus is straddled in valleys of the hills of the Sitakunda Range. The beauty and serenity of the environment makes it very conducive for effective learning and healthy living.
The Aims, Objectives and Porgrams:
- To provide and promote facilities for graduate and postgraduate studies and research in Forestry which may include: i) Forest and Forest Resources Management,ii) Environmental Sciences and Engineering,iii) Rubber and Cash Crop Development,iv) Wildlife Management,v) Forest Engineering and Harvesting,vi) Landscape Architecture and Outdoor Recreation,vii) Forest Extension, Forestry for Community Development and Agroforesry,viii) Watershed Management and Soil Conservation,ix) Forest Products and Industry,x) Any other discipline within the purview of Forestry,
- To provide teaching, training and guidance in order to prepare candidates for degree of B. Sc. (Hons.) in Forestry, B. Sc. (Hons.) in Environmental Sciences, M. F. (Master of Forestry), M. Sc. in Forestry, M. Sc. in Environmental Sciences, M. Phil in Forestry, M. Phil in Environmental Sciences, Ph. D. in Forestry and Ph. D. in Environmental Science of the University;
- To promote and provide guidance to Forest and Environmental education and training at the undergraduate and post-graduate level in Bangladesh as and when needed
- To develop indigenous teaching materials in Forestry and Environmental Sciences in Bangladesh
- To provide courses of further study for those who are already engaged in services of Forestry and Environmental professions and inservice training for professional and diploma and certificate holders
- To provide consultancy service and technical assistance as requested for by organizations engaged in Forestry and Environmental Sciences To publish books, bulletins, journals, reports, etc. in Forestry and Environmental Sciences To organize National & International Symposia, Seminars, Conferences, Workshops and Training Programmes in Forestry and Environmental Sciences
- To undertake research in Forestry and Environment for the advancement of education in Forestry and Environmental Sciences. The undergraduate program is especially formulated to produce versatile professionals capable of relating current thinking in forestry and environment. Thus, in addition to traditional forestry subjects, the program puts strong emphasis on: Agroforestry, social forestry, forestry extension, rural development, environmental sciences and monitoring, soil conservation and watershed management, rubber, tea and coffee, wildlife management, park management and outdoor recreation and forest protection. Up-to-date facilities are available to provide coverage of subjects such as: Application of remote sensing in forestry and environmental sciences; application of computer technology in forestry and environmental research. Special attention is also paid to cover topics which are related to forestry and environmental sciences. List of course of different semesters of B. Sc. (Hons.) and M. Sc. are available in the library. The syllabus is reviewed from time to time to incorporate up-to-date information in the field of forestry and environmental sciences. Special efforts are made to develop indigenous teaching materials to supplement existing knowledge and to render the program more relevant to Bangladesh and to the subcontinent.
Management of the institute is vested in a Governing Body (GB) which consists of: a) The Honourable Vice- Chancellor, Chittagong University, Chairman of the Governing Body. b) The Director of the Institute of Forestry and Environmental Sciences (Member- Secretary of the Governing Body) c) The Chief Conservator of Forests, Dhaka. d) The Dean of the Faculty of Sciences, Chittagong University, Chittagong. e) The Chairman, Bangladesh Forest Industries Development Corporation, Dhaka. f) The Director, Bangladesh Forest Research Institute, Chittagong. g) The Conservator of Forests, Chittagong Circle, Chittagong. h) Two elected teacher representatives of the Institute of Forestry and Environmental Sciences. i) One representative from each of the Senate, the Syndicate and the Academic Council nominated by the respective bodies of the University of Chittagong. j) The Divisional Chief (Agriculture), Planning Commission, or his nominee not bellow the rank of Joint Chief, Sher¬ e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka k) The Director, Institute of Marine Sciences and Fisheries, Chittagong University. I) One representative from the Ministry of Forest and Environment (not below the rank of Joint Secretary). m) One representative of Research Bodies related to Forestry to be nominated by the Syndicate. n) The Member-Director (Forestry), or his nominee, not below the rank of Chief Scientific Officer (Forestry), BARC, Dhaka. o) The Director General, Department of Environment, or his nominee (not below the rank of Director). The wide representation reflects the inherent and internse versatility of forestry education and is intended to inject impetus into the curriculum development.
Staff and Developement:
To Strengthen the teaching, research and extension capabilities of the Institute, a UNDP/FAO project "development of professional education in the forestry sector" (BGD/85/011) was initiated in November 1986. The projects outcome were: i. Technical expertise (international recruited professors) in Rural Sociology and Forest Extension, Silviculture, Agroforestry and Forest Ecology, Forest Inventory, Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Forest Resource Management and Forest Economics, Forest Engineering & Logging, Forest Products and Wood Utilization, ii. Fellowships for IFESCU academic staff to pursue higher degrees in prestigious institutions abroad in various fields of forestry, iii. Teaching materials (lecture notes prepared by expatriate professors), books, scientific journals, and other references for Institute library, iv. Various equipments for teaching and research. The UNDP/FAO project was terminated in December 1991. Further support has been received to prepare documents, to consolidate the progress made in Phase-1; to support postgraduate research programs and for infrastructural developments of the Institute. Besides 22 regular teaching staff, the Institute employs experienced professional foresters, scientists, researchers and professors on a part time basis from FD, BARC, BFRI, BFIDC, BIT and related Departments of the University of Chittagong and other educational institutions.
Facilities:
Sufficient facilities are available for the students and the faculty members. Other facilities include:
- Library: The Main Library of CU has thousands of books, references and other reading materials. IFESCU maintains its own seminar library with adequate books, journals, references and other reading materials covering Forestry, Environmental Sciences and related fields.
- Computers: Micro-computers with Internet facilities are available at IFESCU for teaching and research. Student
- Dormitory: IFESCU has a hall named Masterda Surja Sen Hall divided into two-boys and girls- blocks for the accommodation of 227 students.
- Cafeteria: Canteen and tea stall are annexed to the IFESCU hostel.
- Infirmary: Free medical services are rendered for students and faculty members at the Chittagong University medical centre within the campus.
- Transport: The University provides a fleet of buses to transport staffs and students from the highway (junction CU-Chittagong-Rangamati Road) to and around the campus, and to Chittagong city (staff only). A shuttle train runs between Chittagong City and University campus five times everyday. IFESCU has a fleet of vehicles of its own for running field practical & tours.
- Sports: Football field, basketball court, hockey field, tennis court, squash court etc. are available for physical fitness of the staff and students of the University.
- BNCC: The Bangladesh National Cadet Core (BNCC) provides physical training and rifle training to the students within CU campus. The students of IFESCU are currently joined with BNCC.
The Institute of Forestry and Environmental Sciences has a plantation unit of its own. A massive plantation program in the hills and valley land of the Chittagong University Campus was undertaken for academic, research, aesthetic, recreational and biodiversity conservation purposes. In addition it is aslo considered to establish wildlife habitat along with the natural resources and to generate employment opportunities for the local people and thereby helping in viral development and poverty alleviation
The plantation program was initiated in the year 1982 and till date an area of about 450 acres out of about 800 acres of hills and valley land has been planted successfully with different timber, wood fuel, medicinal, rare and endangered species. At present we have 110 different tree species in the campus. Out of the total species there are 17 rare and endangered, 27 timber, 12 fruits, 30 medicinal species and the rest are fast growing firewood and non-timber forest products (NTFPs.)
There is a permanent nursery covering an area of about 2 hectares in the Institute campus which is used by the teachers and students for research works and for raising quality seedlings. Quality planting materials are distributed to other departments/ agencies to encourage tree planting in order to reduce environmental pollution. To operate the plantation unit a plantation coordinator and a officer is responsible. Plantation coordinator is appointed for one or two year from among the teachers of the Institute. The total work force of the unit is 12.
Physical Infrastructure:
Bangladesh Government has obtained financial assistance from the World Bank (WB) to build a new complex for IFESCU in 1996. The complex provides classrooms, offices, laboratories, auditorium, student hostels, residential houses for teachers and staff, and sport facilities. These elaborate and spacious facilities are designed to promote teaching and research excellence at IFESCU. The Ministry of Forest and Environment and Forest, Government of the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh supporting the Institute through Forest Resource Management Project (FRMP) sponsored by the World Bank towards infrastructure development of IFESCU and to equip it for ensuring standard education
